Français, Translations
Doit-on limiter le transfert de joueurs étrangers?
Par: Travis Brody
Traduit par: Lorenz Plassmann
Les Yankees de New York, l’équipe légendaire de la Major League Baseball, une des plus grandes franchises sportives de tous les temps, a non seulement révolutionné le baseball mais aussi tous les sports professionnels. Les Yankees ont connu une période de domination sans partage, au cours de laquelle ils ont gagné 11 Séries mondiales, entre 1947 et 1962, et furent à un match d’en gagner trois autres. Cette ère de domination a changé l’histoire du baseball professionnel.
Comment y sont-ils parvenus? Très simplement. C’était la franchise la plus riche du monde. Ils ont acheté et apporté à maturité les meilleurs joueurs du moment. Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, Whitey Ford, Joe DiMaggio, et Yogi Berra, membres du Hall Of Fame, ont tous joué pour les Yankees à cette époque.
Cependant, il se produisit une évolution intéressante après leur ère de domination: l’innovation. Les équipes se mirent à sortir des sentiers battus et commencèrent à développer des systèmes sophistiquées pour repérer les talents, elles mirent l’accent sur l’importance d’entraîner leurs jeunes joueurs dans les championnats inférieurs, et elles commencèrent à trouver des moyens nouveaux pour attirer certains des meilleurs joueurs internationaux.
Au même moment, la Major League Baseball mit en place des méthodes pour maintenir un équilibre en terme de concurrence sans interdire aux meilleurs athlètes de jouer le championnat. En 1947, Jackie Robinson devint le premier afro-américain à jouer dans la MLB lorsqu’il rejoignit les Brooklyn Dodgers, et en 1959 chaque équipe avait en son sein des joueurs de couleur et de tous horizons. Le Major League Baseball Draft fut institué en 1965 et permit aux équipes un accès équitable aux meilleurs talents mondiaux. En 1968, le Central Scouting Bureau fut créé pour soutenir le système de repérage organisé par les clubs de MLB. Il devient le Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau en 1974. Par la suite, la MLB commença à instituer le partage de revenus, en 1994, permettant de répartir entre les petites équipes certains des bénéfices engendrés par les grandes équipes. Enfin, la ligue constitua la « taxe de luxe » en 2003. « Appelée formellement “Competitive Balance Tax” (Taxe pour l’équilibre compétitif), cette taxe de luxe est une contrainte financière imposée aux grandes équipes lorsque celles-ci dépensent trop d’argent. La MLB n’ayant pas imposé de plafond salarial, la taxe de luxe fait payer aux équipes dont les salaires sont trop élevés une somme considérable, leur donnant ainsi de bonnes raisons de maintenir les salaires sous une certaine limite. » Les équipes comme les Yankees de New York, les Dodgers de Los Angeles ou les Red Sox de Boston ne s’inquiètent pas d’une telle taxe, leurs budgets dépassant de loin toute menace de pénalité financière. Les profits engendrés par la taxe de luxe furent redistribués aux joueurs (50%), à l’Industry Growth Fund (25%), et permit de financer le développement du baseball dans des pays où le baseball était absent du milieu scolaire (25%). De nos jours, les Yankees ont deux des salaires les plus élevés de la ligue mais n’ont remporté qu’une seule Série mondiale depuis l’an 2000. L’équipe dotée de la plus forte masse salariale, les Dodgers de Los Angeles, n’a pas gagné de Série mondiale depuis 1988.
Pourquoi parler de baseball sur un site consacré au développement du Football américain? Parce qu’il y a une leçon à retenir de cet exemple: il y a mieux à faire pour maintenir la concurrence dans un sport que d’en limiter le développement. Dans le cas de la Major League Baseball, une longue période de domination des Yankees s’est achevée sur une réelle volonté de changement, ce qui a eu pour effet d’inciter à l’innovation et d’améliorer l’efficacité du jeu.
En Europe, la définition de « joueur étranger » varie selon les ligues nationales de Football américain, mais d’une manière générale il est question d’un athlète ne provenant d’aucun des 28 membres de l’Union européenne. Presque chaque pays a institué une limite quant au nombre de joueurs étrangers par équipe. De plus, la plupart des ligues européennes ont limité le nombre de joueurs étrangers qu’une équipe peut aligner sur le terrain. Puisque la plupart des joueurs étrangers viennent d’Amérique du Nord et ont un niveau supérieur au joueur moyen du pays dans lequel ils jouent, les fédérations nationales ont décidé de limiter à trois le nombre de ces joueurs étrangers dans le but de maintenir un équilibre compétitif. Certains pays comme le Royaume-uni sont allés encore plus loin en interdisant de rémunérer les joueurs, rendant obligatoire le statut amateur de ce sport sur son territoire.
Un débat est en cours quant à l’équité et la pertinence de cette question, les fédérations nationales ayant décidé que c’était là le meilleur moyen d’encourager une saine concurrence au sein de leurs championnats. Il est vrai que cela permet en quelque sorte d’assurer une compétitivité presque équitable puisque le nombre d’excellents joueurs dans une équipe est limité. Cela est aussi parfois encouragé par des petites équipes qui se mesurent avec difficulté aux grandes équipes.
Cependant, et c’est là l’essentiel, ces règles sont en fait l’aveu d’une vérité pure et simple: nous sommes trop frileux dans l’innovation. Nos équipes et nos fédérations montrent qu’elles préfèrent toutes rester médiocres plutôt que d’atteindre toutes ensemble le haut niveau. Plutôt que d’élever nos équipes, nous essayons de rabaisser les autres équipes à notre niveau. Avec une telle stratégie, l’amateurisme est certain d’avoir encore de beaux jours devant lui, et c’est là une des causes qui empêchent l’essor du Football américain en Europe.
Les gens se demandent pourquoi ils n’arrivent pas à faire venir des sponsors, pourquoi il n’y a pas plus de supporters dans les stades, pourquoi les médias ne les prennent pas au sérieux. En un mot, c’est parce que nous ne nous prenons pas nous-mêmes au sérieux. Nous voudrions concurrencer le football, le rugby, le basketball et le hockey, leur prendre des parts de marché, mais nous n’arriverons jamais à dépasser, ni même atteindre ces sports tant que nous entraverons le développement du Football américain, ici en Europe.
Voici la réfutation des quatre arguments classiques qui plaident en faveur de quotas de joueurs étrangers.
1. « Les quotas de joueurs étrangers permettent de maintenir la concurrence »
Si on affirme que les quotas de joueurs étrangers encouragent la concurrence, on peut aussi dire que l’inverse est vrai: supprimer les quotas de joueurs étrangers améliore la compétitivité. Je vous donne un exemple. Avant mon arrivée aux Bulls de Bruxelles en 2008, l’équipe n’avait encore jamais remporté de victoire, et dut déclarer forfait pour la seconde partie de championnat. La saison suivante, les Bulls commencèrent à faire venir plusieurs joueurs étrangers, et se retrouvèrent presque aussitôt en mesure de viser une place en playoffs. Partie de la dernière place, et dans l’incapacité de remplir une saison entière, l’équipe des Bulls devint en très peu de temps l’une des équipes les plus fortes du championnat, essentiellement grâce à l’aide des joueurs étrangers. Et les effets demeurèrent sur le long terme. L’équipe junior des Bulls remporta plusieurs fois d’affilée le championnat national (en partie grâce au coaching des joueurs étrangers) et l’équipe sénior arriva en finale du Belgian Bowl en 2013, après seulement six ans d’existence. Cela ne serait jamais arrivé si les Bulls n’avaient pas fait venir des joueurs étrangers pour élever le niveau de l’équipe. Et les joueurs belges élevèrent également leur niveau de jeu, parce qu’ils pouvaient désormais se mesurer à de tels joueurs.
On peut aussi dire qu’imposer une limite au nombre de transferts de joueurs étrangers entrave la compétitivité, car les équipes qui cherchent à progresser ne peuvent plus prétendre gagner le championnat. Cela peut au contraire élargir le fossé qui sépare les équipes du haut de tableau de celles du bas de tableau parce que ces dernières voient leur possibilités de développement limitées. Il faut parfois ébranler le système pour encourager la compétition et donner aux autres équipes la chance de jouer à un meilleur niveau.
2. « Les quotas de joueurs étrangers permettent aux joueurs nationaux de se développer »
C’est là une idée très largement partagée et pourtant complètement erronée. Pour en avoir la preuve, il suffit de prendre l’exemple du football. Des pays comme l’Espagne ou l’Allemagne ont de très nombreux joueurs étrangers dans leur championnat et parmi les meilleurs clubs au monde, et cela ne les a absolument pas empêché de développer leur équipe nationale. Bien au contraire, leur niveau international s’est amélioré: l’Allemagne et l’Espagne dominent le football mondial depuis six ans, avec deux coupes du monde de la FIFA et deux victoires en coupe d’Europe des nations à leur actif.
Comment peut-on l’expliquer? Ces deux pays ont développé un environnement qui permet à leurs joueurs de côtoyer les meilleurs joueurs au monde sans qu’ils n’aient besoin de s’exiler. Rappelez-vous que le meilleur moyen d’élever son niveau de jeu est de se confronter à meilleur que soi. Le plus efficace est donc de faire venir en Europe les meilleurs joueurs de Football américain au monde. Cela permettra à vos joueurs nationaux de se mesurer à eux et de se hisser à leur meilleur niveau.
Ne nous faisons pas d’illusion, les championnats européens ne vont pas se retrouver soudainement constitués à 100% de joueurs étrangers. Les meilleurs joueurs européens ont suffisamment de talent pour évoluer dans n’importe quel championnat dans le monde, performer face à n’importe quel joueur. Avoir plus de joueurs étrangers que de joueurs nationaux ne serait de toute façon pas viable d’un point de vue économique ou financier. Ce n’est absolument pas ce que nous défendons, inutile de s’arrêter à cela.
Par ailleurs, n’oublions pas toute la valeur ajoutée qu’apportent les joueurs étrangers. Tout le monde a à gagner à avoir un vestiaire international où les joueurs peuvent apprendre les uns des autres. Aussi bien les joueurs qui sont sur le terrain que ceux qui restent sur le banc de touche.
3. « Les quotas de joueurs étrangers permettent aux équipes d’éviter de trop dépenser ou de faire faillite »
Les entreprises font faillite lorsqu’elles sont mal gérées ou ne sont pas viables sur le plan financier. Mais ce n’est pas parce que certaines d’entre elles sont mal gérées qu’il faut imposer à toutes les autres une limite à leurs dépenses. Parfois, la faillite permet de faire disparaître les mauvais éléments économiques, ce qui aide le marché à se développer de manière plus harmonieuse. Alors, de nouvelles entreprises apparaissent, plus compétitives, aux fondations plus solides, davantage responsables sur le plan financier. Il en va de même pour les équipes sportives. Il arrive souvent que des équipes ne pouvant plus se maintenir sur le plan économique au bout de quelques années soient contraintes de mettre la clé sous la porte. Même si cette situation est regrettable, elle ouvre de nouvelles perspectives, offre de nouvelles opportunités pour d’autres équipes mieux gérées et plus compétitives.
Limiter le nombre de joueurs qu’une équipe peut rémunérer ne stabilisera pas les équipes dont les fondations sont fragiles. Les problèmes ne disparaîtront pas, que l’équipe ne rémunère aucun joueur ou qu’elle en rémunère une centaine. Si de nouvelles équipes intègrent un championnat constitué de formations saines sur le plan financier et évoluant au plus haut niveau, elles le feront de manière responsable et avec une organisation efficace. Limiter le nombre de joueurs étrangers pour des raisons financières risque de produire des effets négatifs, contraires à ceux escomptés.
4. « Seuls des sports comme le football peuvent se passer de quotas de joueurs étrangers parce qu’ils génèrent beaucoup d’argent »
Tout prouve le contraire. C’est précisément parce que les championnats de ces sports font venir les meilleurs joueurs internationaux qu’ils sont capables d’attirer les investissements et le sponsoring de grandes multinationales, pas le contraire. Les grands groupes internationaux ne soutiennent pas les équipes amateurs, le retour sur investissement étant très faible. Ils préfèrent investir dans des équipes qui ont une exposition internationale, qui signent de grands noms, qui ont des talents et des entraîneurs nationaux exceptionnels, et qui jouent au plus haut niveau.
De même, les supporters sont attirés par les équipes qui jouent au plus haut niveau, ou au niveau professionnel. Ils regardent le sport pour se divertir, et ils sont divertis par les grandes compétitions, là où le niveau est le plus élevé. Les supporters et les multinationales se trouvent là où il y a de l’argent, et il est impossible de les faire venir si on ne leur garantit pas le meilleur niveau sur le terrain.
Si dans un championnat certaines équipes sont plus riches que d’autres, trouvez un moyen de taxer ce qu’elles dépensent, pas le nombre de joueurs qu’elles rémunèrent. Introduisez un mécanisme de partage des bénéfices au lieu de supprimer la concurrence. Il sera beaucoup plus facile de développer le Football américain si l’on innove, pas si l’on encourage l’immobilité.
Allons de l’avant, ensemble.
Que pensez-vous des quotas de joueurs étrangers en Europe? Faut-il les supprimer ou les laisser en place? Faites-nous part de vos commentaires dans la section ci-dessous.
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